Course objectives:
To provide fundamental knowledge of scientific nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds.
To impart knowledge of structure, chemistry, synthesis, and reactions mechanism of some important heterocyclic compounds with one or two hetero atoms and fused hetrocyclic compounds.
To understand stereoisomerism in organic compounds.
To understand the role of reagents in organic synthesis.
Course outcomes:
Upon completion of this course the students are expected to be able to:
Understand the structure, chemistry, synthesis and reactions of aryl halide, α-β unsaturated carbonyl compounds, some important heterocyclic compound with one or two hetero atoms and fused hetrocyclic compounds.
Perform synthesis, purification, and characterization of heterocyclic compounds.
Recognize isomers, like R/S isomers, Cis-Trans and E/Z.
Predict the role of reagents like NaBH4 and LiAlH4 etc. in drug synthesis.
Optical isomerism – Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral molecules, DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules, RS system of nomenclature of optical isomers. Reactions of chiral molecules, Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture. Asymmetric synthesis: partial and absolute.
Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti systems), Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers. Conformational isomerism in Ethane, n- Butane and Cyclohexane. Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and conditions for optical activity. Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions.
Nomenclature and classification, Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene - Relative aromaticity, reactivity and Basicity of pyrrole,
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives Pyrazole,
Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole, Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole. Basicity of pyridine, synthesis and medicinal uses of Pyrimidine, Purine, azepines and their derivatives Reactions of synthetic importance
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction, Birch reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction. Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction. Beckmanns rearrangement and
Schmidt rearrangement. Claisen-Schmidt condensation
Laboratory Rules and Regulations
To Determine Melting Point, Molecular Weight & Thin layer chromatography of given sample.
Synthesis of Benzoyl Glycine (Hippuric Acid)
Synthesis of Dibenzylideneacetone
Synthesis of Chalcone (Benzylidene Acetophenone)
Preparation of Acetophenone Phenylhydrazone
Synthesis of Synthesis of 7-hydroxy-4-methyl Coumarin
Synthesis of Benzimidazole from O-Phenylenediamine.
Synthesis of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone
Synthesis of 4-arylidene-3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone
Synthesis of 2, 3-diphenyl quinoxaline
Synthesis of Isoxazole from Chalcone.
Synthesis of Pyrazole from Chalcone.
Synthesis of Pyrimidine derivative from Chalcone
Synthesis of 2-Phenyl Indole from Acetophenone Phenyl Hydrazone
Carey A. F., and Giuliano M. R., Organic Chemistry (2011): 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Finar I. L., Organic Chemistry (2011) vol. 1,: 6th Edition. Longman.
Finar I. L., Organic Chemistry (2011) vol.2, Organic Chemistry: 6th Edition. Longman.
Robert T. Morrison and Robert N. Boyd (2008) Organic Chemistry: 7th Edition. Printice Hall
Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2 nd Ed., T. L. Gilchrist
Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3 rd Ed., J. A. Joules, K. Mills and G. F. Smith (QD 400 J8)
Cleyden J., Greeves N., Warren S., and Wothers P., (2001) organic chemistry: 1st Edition. Oxford university press.
Mann, G. F., and Saunders, C. B., (1960) Practical Organic Chemistry: 4th Edition. Longman
Vogel, I. A., (1956) A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry Including Qualitative Organic Analysis: 3rd Edition. Longman
http://www.internetchemistry.com/chemistry/organic_chemistry.htm
Course objectives:
To impart fundamental knowledge on the structure, chemistry and therapeutic value of drugs belonging to cholinergic, anticholinergic, adrenergic, antiadrenergic, antihistaminics, analgesics, antipyretics, anti-inflammatory, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel openers, renin-angiotensin receptor inhibitors, vasodilators, anticoagulants, diuretics and vitamins.
To develop the knowledge of students abouteffect on biological activity with respect to changes in structure and use of this practice for drug development.
To acquaint them about importance of physicochemical properties and metabolism of drugs.
To clarify about synthetic routes of drugs.
Course outcomes:
After completion of the course the student will be able to define
The chemistry of drugs with respect to their biological activity.
The drug metabolism pathway and structure activity relationship of drugs.
The chemical synthesis of drugs
Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism of action, uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective class of drugs as specified in the course and synthesis of drugs superscripted (*)
History and development of medicinal chemistry
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding, Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.
Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II.
Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.
Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine.
Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine, Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.
Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine.
Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine.
Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
Amides & imides: Glutethmide.
Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobomate, Ethchlorvynol. Aldehyde & their derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde.
Inhalation anesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane.
Ultra short acting barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium*, Thiamylal sodium, Thiopental sodium. Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride.*
Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics
Morphine and related drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine, Meperidine hydrochloride, Anilerdine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride, Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*, Methadone hydrochloride*, Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine, Levorphanol tartarate.
Narcotic antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartarate, Naloxone hydrochloride. Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid*, Meclofenamate, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepriac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen*, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Antipyrine, Phenylbutazone.
I | Preparation of drugs/ intermediates | |
1 | 1,3-pyrazole | |
2 | 1,3-oxazole | |
3 | Benzimidazole | |
4 | Benztriazole | |
5 | 2,3- diphenyl quinoxaline | |
6 | Benzocaine | |
7 | Phenytoin | |
8 | Phenothiazine | |
9 | Barbiturate | |
II 1 | Assay of drugs Chlorpromazine | |
2 | Phenobarbitone | |
3 | Atropine | |
4 | Ibuprofen | |
5 | Aspirin | |
6 | Furosemide | |
III | Determination of Partition coefficient for any two | drugs |
Block J. H., Beale J. M., “Wilson and Gisvold’s Textbook of organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry”, 11th edition, 2004, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins-A Wolters Kluwer Company.
Lemke T. L., Williams D. A., “Foye’s principles of medicinal chemistry”, 6th edition, 2008, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins-A Wolters Kluwer Company.
Wolff M. E., “Burger’s medicinal chemistry and drug discovery” 5th edition, 1995, Wiley-
Interscience, New York.
Course objectives:
To provide advanced technical skills and knowledge base required in the field of qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis.
To provide basic knowledge of electroanalytical techniques used in drug quality control with reference to Pharmacopoeial standards.
To impart hands-on experience in executing elementary analytical assays.
Course outcomes:
After completion of course, student should be able to:
Understand the principles of volumetric and electro chemical analysis.
Carryout various volumetric and electrochemical titrations and develop analytical skills.
Use Pharmacopoeial standards for quality control of drug products.
Perform elementary analytical assay procedures.
Different techniques of analysis
Methods of expressing concentration
Primary and secondary standards.
Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions- Oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate and ceric ammonium sulphate
electrode and rotating platinum electrode, applications.
Sodium hydroxide
Sulphuric acid
Sodium thiosulfate
Potassium permanganate
Ceric ammonium sulphate
Ammonium chloride by acid base titration
Ferrous sulphate by Cerimetry
Copper sulphate by Iodometry
Calcium gluconate by complexometry
Hydrogen peroxide by Permanganometry
Sodium benzoate by non-aqueous titration
Sodium Chloride by precipitation titration
Conductometric titration of strong acid against strong base
Conductometric titration of strong acid and weak acid against strong base
Potentiometric titration of strong acid against strong base
Vogel’s, Text book of Quantitative chemical Analysis, fifth edition, 1989, Longman Scientific & Technical UK.
David Harvey, Modern Analytical Chemistry, first edition, 2000, McGraw Hill Companies, New York.
Bentley and Driver's Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
John H. Kennedy, Analytical chemistry principles
Daniel C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eighth edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
Pharmacopoeia of India, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi.
Beckett, A.H. and Stenlake, J.B., Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, fourth edition, Vol. I and II, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India.
Course Objectives:
To understand pharmacology of drugs with basics of drug action and effect (desirable and undesirable) consequences in the course of disease treatment.
To experimentally understand basic principles of pharmacology at laboratory level with consideration of ethical and legal issues.
Course outcomes:
After completion of course, student should be able to:
Understand scientific principles of drug action and the various mechanisms by which drugs can mediate their pharmacological and other effects.
Understand principles of pharmacokinetics that underlay the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs in the body and thereby affect drug effectiveness.
Understand the biochemical reactions that result in the metabolism of drugs within the body.
Understand the drug treatment of major diseases related to ANS, CNS.
Understand legal requirements for animal house facility and ethical handling of animals.
Organization and function of ANS.
b.Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission and classification of neurotransmitters.
Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.
Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).
Local anesthetic agents.
Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma
Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.special emphasis on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin, dopamine.
General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
Anti-epileptics
Alcohols and disulfiram
Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, anti- manics and hallucinogens.
Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
CNS stimulants and nootropics.
Opioid analgesics and antagonists
Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.
Study the commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology.
Study the common laboratory animals.
Study the CPCSEA guidelines for ethical manaement of laboratory animal facility.
Study of common laboratory techniques: blood withdrawal, serum and plasma separation, anesthetics and euthanasia used for animal studies.
Study of different routes of drugs administration in mice/rats.
Study the effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping time in mice.
Study the effect of drugs on rabbit eye.
Study the effects of skeletal muscle relaxants using rota-rod apparatus.
Study the effect of drugs on locomotor activity using actophotometer.
Study the anticonvulsant activity of drugs by MES and PTZ method.
Study the stereotype and anti-catatonic activity of drugs on rats/mice.
Study of anxiolytic activity of drugs using rats/mice.
Study of local anesthetics by different methods
Tripathi, K. D. Essentials of Medicinal Pharmacology, 7th ed. 2013, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
Satostkar, R.S., Rege, N.N., Bhandarkar, S.D. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. Revised 23rd edition 2013, Popular Prakashan Pvt. LTD., Mumbai,
Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., Flower, R.J., Henderson, G. Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology. 8th edition 2015, Elsevier India.
Ghosh, M. N. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. 2nd edition 1984, Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta.
Kulkarni, S.K., Hand Book of Experimental Pharmacology, 3rd Edition, 1999, Vallabh Prakashan.
Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology
Brunton, L., Chabner, B.A., Knollman, B. Goodman and Gillman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th edition 2011, McGraw Hill Education.
Katzung B. G., Trevor A.J. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.13th edition 2015, McGraw- Hill Medical
Vogel, H. G. Drug Discovery and Evaluation. 2nd edition 2002, Springer Publication, Berlin.
1 Ex-Pharm, Raveendran R. Department of pharmacology, JIPMER, Pandicherry, India, 2009.
1 Pharmacology by Apple Medical Group 2014.
Course objectives:
Upon completion of the course student shall be able:
To enable the students to understand the engineering principles involved in the processing of drugs and pharmaceutical products.
To create understanding about the basic principles of process engineering.
To impart knowledge on operations of various equipments and machineries.
To develop concept of unit operations.
Course Outcome:
On the completion of the course the student should be able to
Develop strong background in basics of the pharmaceutical processing.
Develop understanding the concepts of unit operations in pharmaceutical process.
Create new process and can be able to modify the existing process.
Impart knowledge on basic operations involved in material movement.
Understand process of fluid flow and role of filtration for complex suspensions.
Changes of micromeritic properties of pharmaceutical substances by crystallization technique.
Understand the role of distillation in purification of multi component system.
Understand the applications of particle size in pharmaceuticals.
Effectively extract desired constituent from solid materials.
Understand the application of automation in pharmaceutical process.
Understand the material handling techniques.
To know significance of plant lay out design for optimum use of resources.
Understand the preventive methods used for corrosion control in pharmaceutical industries.
Determination of radiation constant of brass, iron, unpainted and painted glass(4 experiments).
Steam distillation – To calculate the efficiency of steam distillation.
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Construction of drying curves (for calcium carbonate and starch).
Determination of moisture content and loss on drying.
Determination of humidity of air – i) From wet and dry bulb temperatures –use of humidity chart, II) Dew point method.
Description of Construction working and application of Pharmaceutical Machinery such as
rotary tablet machine, fluidized bed coater, fluid energy mill, de humidifier.
Size analysis by sieving – To evaluate size distribution of tablet granulations –
Construction of various particle size frequency curves including arithmetic and logarithmic probability plots.
Size reduction: To verify the laws of size reduction using ball mill.
Demonstration of colloid mill, planetary mixer, fluidized bed dryer, freeze dryer and such other major equipments.
Walter L. Badgre and T. Banchero, Introduction to chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1955.
Kaning J. K. (Editor), S. J. Carter, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & distributers, 1986, Indian Edition. 6th Ed.
Hickey A. J., and Ganderton D., Pharmaceutical Process Engineering, Marcel Dekker, 2001.
Parry H. (Editor), Chemical Engineering Hand Book, McGraw-Hill,1997, 7th Ed.
Leon Lachman and H. R. Libberman, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, Special Indian Edition, 2009.
Max S. Peters, Elementary Chemical Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009 2nd Ed.
Ganderton C., Unit Processes Pharmacy, William Heinemann medical book ltd, 1968.
Browns G., Unit Operations, Wiley and Sons, 1955.
Warren L. Maccabe, Juliano C. Smith. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. Biohazardous Waste Management., http://biosafety.uk.edu/waste/
Course objectives:
To understand the pathological changes and their basic mechanisms that leads to disease.
To understand mechanism of resistance and adaptation towards pathological changes.
To understand pathological presentation of common diseases of CNS, CVS, Hormones, respiratory system, GIT, bones, cancer, liver and kidney.
Course outcomes:
After completion of course, student should be able to:
Develop understanding of modulation in normal anatomy and physiology during initiation and progression of diseases.
Understand the mechanism of tissue repair process.
Understand causes, symptoms and contributing factor in occurrence and progression of various diseases.
Connect the mechanism of pathological modulations while studying pharmacology of drug molecule.
Sort the pathways that require modulating in disease treatment.
Understand pathological issues during designing and testing of drug molecules and dosage forms.
Inflammatory bowel diseases, jaundice, hepatitis ( A,B,C,D,E,F) alcoholic liver disease.
Mohan, H. Textbook of Pathology, 7th revised edition 2014, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
Mandal, A.K., Choudhary, S. Textbook of Pathology for MBBS - General Pathology and Haematology / Systemic Pathology (Volume 1 and 2) 1st Edition 2014 Avichal Publishing Company.
Sharma S.C., Pathophysiology of Common Disease 1st edition
Kumar, V., Abbas, A.K., Fausto, N., Aster, J.C., Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th Edition, Elsevier Publication.
DiPiro, J., Talbert, R.L., Yee, G., Wells, B., Posey, L.M. Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic 9th edition 2014, McGraw-Hill Education.
Kirkhorn, L.E.C.C. & Banasik, J.L. Pathophysiology 2009, W B Saunders Co.
Huether, S. E. and McCance, Kathryn, L. Understanding Pathophysiology. 6th Edition, Mosby.
Hart, M.N., Loeffler, A.G. Introduction to Human Disease: Pathophysiology for Health Professionals 5th edition 2011, Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Course objectives:
To provide fundamental knowledge of scientific nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds.
To impart knowledge of structure, chemistry, synthesis, and reactions mechanism of some important heterocyclic compounds with one or two hetero atoms and fused hetrocyclic compounds.
To understand stereoisomerism in organic compounds.
To understand the role of reagents in organic synthesis.
Course outcomes:
Upon completion of this course the students are expected to be able to:
Understand the structure, chemistry, synthesis and reactions of aryl halide, α-β unsaturated carbonyl compounds, some important heterocyclic compound with one or two hetero atoms and fused hetrocyclic compounds.
Perform synthesis, purification, and characterization of heterocyclic compounds.
Recognize isomers, like R/S isomers, Cis-Trans and E/Z.
Predict the role of reagents like NaBH4 and LiAlH4 etc. in drug synthesis.
Optical isomerism – Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral molecules, DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules, RS system of nomenclature of optical isomers. Reactions of chiral molecules, Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture. Asymmetric synthesis: partial and absolute.
Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti systems), Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers. Conformational isomerism in Ethane, n- Butane and Cyclohexane. Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and conditions for optical activity. Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions.
Nomenclature and classification, Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene - Relative aromaticity, reactivity and Basicity of pyrrole,
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives Pyrazole,
Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole, Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole. Basicity of pyridine, synthesis and medicinal uses of Pyrimidine, Purine, azepines and their derivatives Reactions of synthetic importance
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction, Birch reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction. Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction. Beckmanns rearrangement and
Schmidt rearrangement. Claisen-Schmidt condensation
Laboratory Rules and Regulations
To Determine Melting Point, Molecular Weight & Thin layer chromatography of given sample.
Synthesis of Benzoyl Glycine (Hippuric Acid)
Synthesis of Dibenzylideneacetone
Synthesis of Chalcone (Benzylidene Acetophenone)
Preparation of Acetophenone Phenylhydrazone
Synthesis of Synthesis of 7-hydroxy-4-methyl Coumarin
Synthesis of Benzimidazole from O-Phenylenediamine.
Synthesis of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone
Synthesis of 4-arylidene-3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone
Synthesis of 2, 3-diphenyl quinoxaline
Synthesis of Isoxazole from Chalcone.
Synthesis of Pyrazole from Chalcone.
Synthesis of Pyrimidine derivative from Chalcone
Synthesis of 2-Phenyl Indole from Acetophenone Phenyl Hydrazone
Carey A. F., and Giuliano M. R., Organic Chemistry (2011): 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Finar I. L., Organic Chemistry (2011) vol. 1,: 6th Edition. Longman.
Finar I. L., Organic Chemistry (2011) vol.2, Organic Chemistry: 6th Edition. Longman.
Robert T. Morrison and Robert N. Boyd (2008) Organic Chemistry: 7th Edition. Printice Hall
Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2 nd Ed., T. L. Gilchrist
Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3 rd Ed., J. A. Joules, K. Mills and G. F. Smith (QD 400 J8)
Cleyden J., Greeves N., Warren S., and Wothers P., (2001) organic chemistry: 1st Edition. Oxford university press.
Mann, G. F., and Saunders, C. B., (1960) Practical Organic Chemistry: 4th Edition. Longman
Vogel, I. A., (1956) A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry Including Qualitative Organic Analysis: 3rd Edition. Longman
http://www.internetchemistry.com/chemistry/organic_chemistry.htm
Course objectives:
To impart fundamental knowledge on the structure, chemistry and therapeutic value of drugs belonging to cholinergic, anticholinergic, adrenergic, antiadrenergic, antihistaminics, analgesics, antipyretics, anti-inflammatory, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel openers, renin-angiotensin receptor inhibitors, vasodilators, anticoagulants, diuretics and vitamins.
To develop the knowledge of students abouteffect on biological activity with respect to changes in structure and use of this practice for drug development.
To acquaint them about importance of physicochemical properties and metabolism of drugs.
To clarify about synthetic routes of drugs.
Course outcomes:
After completion of the course the student will be able to define
The chemistry of drugs with respect to their biological activity.
The drug metabolism pathway and structure activity relationship of drugs.
The chemical synthesis of drugs
Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism of action, uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective class of drugs as specified in the course and synthesis of drugs superscripted (*)
History and development of medicinal chemistry
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding, Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.
Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II.
Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.
Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine.
Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine, Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.
Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine.
Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine.
Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
Amides & imides: Glutethmide.
Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobomate, Ethchlorvynol. Aldehyde & their derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde.
Inhalation anesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane.
Ultra short acting barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium*, Thiamylal sodium, Thiopental sodium. Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride.*
Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics
Morphine and related drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine, Meperidine hydrochloride, Anilerdine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride, Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*, Methadone hydrochloride*, Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine, Levorphanol tartarate.
Narcotic antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartarate, Naloxone hydrochloride. Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid*, Meclofenamate, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepriac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen*, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Antipyrine, Phenylbutazone.
I | Preparation of drugs/ intermediates | |
1 | 1,3-pyrazole | |
2 | 1,3-oxazole | |
3 | Benzimidazole | |
4 | Benztriazole | |
5 | 2,3- diphenyl quinoxaline | |
6 | Benzocaine | |
7 | Phenytoin | |
8 | Phenothiazine | |
9 | Barbiturate | |
II 1 | Assay of drugs Chlorpromazine | |
2 | Phenobarbitone | |
3 | Atropine | |
4 | Ibuprofen | |
5 | Aspirin | |
6 | Furosemide | |
III | Determination of Partition coefficient for any two | drugs |
Block J. H., Beale J. M., “Wilson and Gisvold’s Textbook of organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry”, 11th edition, 2004, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins-A Wolters Kluwer Company.
Lemke T. L., Williams D. A., “Foye’s principles of medicinal chemistry”, 6th edition, 2008, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins-A Wolters Kluwer Company.
Wolff M. E., “Burger’s medicinal chemistry and drug discovery” 5th edition, 1995, Wiley-
Interscience, New York.
Course objectives:
To provide advanced technical skills and knowledge base required in the field of qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis.
To provide basic knowledge of electroanalytical techniques used in drug quality control with reference to Pharmacopoeial standards.
To impart hands-on experience in executing elementary analytical assays.
Course outcomes:
After completion of course, student should be able to:
Understand the principles of volumetric and electro chemical analysis.
Carryout various volumetric and electrochemical titrations and develop analytical skills.
Use Pharmacopoeial standards for quality control of drug products.
Perform elementary analytical assay procedures.
Different techniques of analysis
Methods of expressing concentration
Primary and secondary standards.
Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions- Oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate and ceric ammonium sulphate
electrode and rotating platinum electrode, applications.
Sodium hydroxide
Sulphuric acid
Sodium thiosulfate
Potassium permanganate
Ceric ammonium sulphate
Ammonium chloride by acid base titration
Ferrous sulphate by Cerimetry
Copper sulphate by Iodometry
Calcium gluconate by complexometry
Hydrogen peroxide by Permanganometry
Sodium benzoate by non-aqueous titration
Sodium Chloride by precipitation titration
Conductometric titration of strong acid against strong base
Conductometric titration of strong acid and weak acid against strong base
Potentiometric titration of strong acid against strong base
Vogel’s, Text book of Quantitative chemical Analysis, fifth edition, 1989, Longman Scientific & Technical UK.
David Harvey, Modern Analytical Chemistry, first edition, 2000, McGraw Hill Companies, New York.
Bentley and Driver's Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
John H. Kennedy, Analytical chemistry principles
Daniel C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eighth edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
Pharmacopoeia of India, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi.
Beckett, A.H. and Stenlake, J.B., Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, fourth edition, Vol. I and II, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India.
Course Objectives:
To understand pharmacology of drugs with basics of drug action and effect (desirable and undesirable) consequences in the course of disease treatment.
To experimentally understand basic principles of pharmacology at laboratory level with consideration of ethical and legal issues.
Course outcomes:
After completion of course, student should be able to:
Understand scientific principles of drug action and the various mechanisms by which drugs can mediate their pharmacological and other effects.
Understand principles of pharmacokinetics that underlay the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs in the body and thereby affect drug effectiveness.
Understand the biochemical reactions that result in the metabolism of drugs within the body.
Understand the drug treatment of major diseases related to ANS, CNS.
Understand legal requirements for animal house facility and ethical handling of animals.
Organization and function of ANS.
b.Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission and classification of neurotransmitters.
Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.
Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).
Local anesthetic agents.
Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma
Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.special emphasis on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin, dopamine.
General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
Anti-epileptics
Alcohols and disulfiram
Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, anti- manics and hallucinogens.
Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
CNS stimulants and nootropics.
Opioid analgesics and antagonists
Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.
Study the commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology.
Study the common laboratory animals.
Study the CPCSEA guidelines for ethical manaement of laboratory animal facility.
Study of common laboratory techniques: blood withdrawal, serum and plasma separation, anesthetics and euthanasia used for animal studies.
Study of different routes of drugs administration in mice/rats.
Study the effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping time in mice.
Study the effect of drugs on rabbit eye.
Study the effects of skeletal muscle relaxants using rota-rod apparatus.
Study the effect of drugs on locomotor activity using actophotometer.
Study the anticonvulsant activity of drugs by MES and PTZ method.
Study the stereotype and anti-catatonic activity of drugs on rats/mice.
Study of anxiolytic activity of drugs using rats/mice.
Study of local anesthetics by different methods
Tripathi, K. D. Essentials of Medicinal Pharmacology, 7th ed. 2013, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
Satostkar, R.S., Rege, N.N., Bhandarkar, S.D. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. Revised 23rd edition 2013, Popular Prakashan Pvt. LTD., Mumbai,
Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., Flower, R.J., Henderson, G. Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology. 8th edition 2015, Elsevier India.
Ghosh, M. N. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. 2nd edition 1984, Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta.
Kulkarni, S.K., Hand Book of Experimental Pharmacology, 3rd Edition, 1999, Vallabh Prakashan.
Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology
Brunton, L., Chabner, B.A., Knollman, B. Goodman and Gillman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th edition 2011, McGraw Hill Education.
Katzung B. G., Trevor A.J. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.13th edition 2015, McGraw- Hill Medical
Vogel, H. G. Drug Discovery and Evaluation. 2nd edition 2002, Springer Publication, Berlin.
1 Ex-Pharm, Raveendran R. Department of pharmacology, JIPMER, Pandicherry, India, 2009.
1 Pharmacology by Apple Medical Group 2014.
Course objectives:
Upon completion of the course student shall be able:
To enable the students to understand the engineering principles involved in the processing of drugs and pharmaceutical products.
To create understanding about the basic principles of process engineering.
To impart knowledge on operations of various equipments and machineries.
To develop concept of unit operations.
Course Outcome:
On the completion of the course the student should be able to
Develop strong background in basics of the pharmaceutical processing.
Develop understanding the concepts of unit operations in pharmaceutical process.
Create new process and can be able to modify the existing process.
Impart knowledge on basic operations involved in material movement.
Understand process of fluid flow and role of filtration for complex suspensions.
Changes of micromeritic properties of pharmaceutical substances by crystallization technique.
Understand the role of distillation in purification of multi component system.
Understand the applications of particle size in pharmaceuticals.
Effectively extract desired constituent from solid materials.
Understand the application of automation in pharmaceutical process.
Understand the material handling techniques.
To know significance of plant lay out design for optimum use of resources.
Understand the preventive methods used for corrosion control in pharmaceutical industries.
Determination of radiation constant of brass, iron, unpainted and painted glass(4 experiments).
Steam distillation – To calculate the efficiency of steam distillation.
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Construction of drying curves (for calcium carbonate and starch).
Determination of moisture content and loss on drying.
Determination of humidity of air – i) From wet and dry bulb temperatures –use of humidity chart, II) Dew point method.
Description of Construction working and application of Pharmaceutical Machinery such as
rotary tablet machine, fluidized bed coater, fluid energy mill, de humidifier.
Size analysis by sieving – To evaluate size distribution of tablet granulations –
Construction of various particle size frequency curves including arithmetic and logarithmic probability plots.
Size reduction: To verify the laws of size reduction using ball mill.
Demonstration of colloid mill, planetary mixer, fluidized bed dryer, freeze dryer and such other major equipments.
Walter L. Badgre and T. Banchero, Introduction to chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1955.
Kaning J. K. (Editor), S. J. Carter, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & distributers, 1986, Indian Edition. 6th Ed.
Hickey A. J., and Ganderton D., Pharmaceutical Process Engineering, Marcel Dekker, 2001.
Parry H. (Editor), Chemical Engineering Hand Book, McGraw-Hill,1997, 7th Ed.
Leon Lachman and H. R. Libberman, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, Special Indian Edition, 2009.
Max S. Peters, Elementary Chemical Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009 2nd Ed.
Ganderton C., Unit Processes Pharmacy, William Heinemann medical book ltd, 1968.
Browns G., Unit Operations, Wiley and Sons, 1955.
Warren L. Maccabe, Juliano C. Smith. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. Biohazardous Waste Management., http://biosafety.uk.edu/waste/
Course objectives:
To understand the pathological changes and their basic mechanisms that leads to disease.
To understand mechanism of resistance and adaptation towards pathological changes.
To understand pathological presentation of common diseases of CNS, CVS, Hormones, respiratory system, GIT, bones, cancer, liver and kidney.
Course outcomes:
After completion of course, student should be able to:
Develop understanding of modulation in normal anatomy and physiology during initiation and progression of diseases.
Understand the mechanism of tissue repair process.
Understand causes, symptoms and contributing factor in occurrence and progression of various diseases.
Connect the mechanism of pathological modulations while studying pharmacology of drug molecule.
Sort the pathways that require modulating in disease treatment.
Understand pathological issues during designing and testing of drug molecules and dosage forms.
Inflammatory bowel diseases, jaundice, hepatitis ( A,B,C,D,E,F) alcoholic liver disease.
Mohan, H. Textbook of Pathology, 7th revised edition 2014, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
Mandal, A.K., Choudhary, S. Textbook of Pathology for MBBS - General Pathology and Haematology / Systemic Pathology (Volume 1 and 2) 1st Edition 2014 Avichal Publishing Company.
Sharma S.C., Pathophysiology of Common Disease 1st edition
Kumar, V., Abbas, A.K., Fausto, N., Aster, J.C., Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th Edition, Elsevier Publication.
DiPiro, J., Talbert, R.L., Yee, G., Wells, B., Posey, L.M. Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic 9th edition 2014, McGraw-Hill Education.
Kirkhorn, L.E.C.C. & Banasik, J.L. Pathophysiology 2009, W B Saunders Co.
Huether, S. E. and McCance, Kathryn, L. Understanding Pathophysiology. 6th Edition, Mosby.
Hart, M.N., Loeffler, A.G. Introduction to Human Disease: Pathophysiology for Health Professionals 5th edition 2011, Jones & Bartlett Learning.