Optical isomerism – Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral molecules. DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules, RS system of nomenclature of optical isomers
Reactions of chiral molecules
Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture. Asymmetric synthesis: partial and absolute
Geometrical isomerism-Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti systems) Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers. Conformational isomerism in Ethane, n-Butane and Cyclohexane.
Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and conditions for optical activity.Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions
Nomenclature and classification, Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene. Relative aromaticity and reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole. Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole. Basicity of pyridine Synthesis and medicinal uses of Pyrimidine, Purine, azepines and their derivatives
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction, Birch reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction, Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction, Beckmanns rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement, Claisen-Schmidt condensation
Organic chemistry by I.L. Finar, Volume-I & II.
A text book of organic chemistry – Arun Bahl, B.S. Bahl. Heterocyclic Chemistry by Raj K. Bansal
Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd Heterocyclic Chemistry by T.L. Gilchrist
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding,
Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.
Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II. Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.
Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine. Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine, Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.
Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine. Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine. Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, Clidinium bromide, Dicyclomine hydrochloride*, Glycopyrrolate, Methantheline bromide, Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate, Biperidine hydrochloride, Procyclidine hydrochloride*, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide iodide, Ethopropazine hydrochloride.
Phenothiazeines: SAR of Phenothiazeines – Promazine hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine hydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride, Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine hydrochloride. Ring Analogues of Phenothiazeines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate, Clozapine. Fluro buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone. Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride. Benzamides: Sulpieride.
Wilson and Giswold’s Organic medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry.
Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV.
Introduction to principles of drug design- Smith and Williams. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Martindale’s extra pharmacopoeia. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II.
The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1-5. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
Text book of practical organic chemistry- A.I.Vogel.
1,3-pyrazole, 1,3-oxazole, Benzimidazole, Benztriazole, 2,3- diphenyl quinoxaline, Benzocaine, Phenytoin, Phenothiazine, Barbiturate
Chlorpromazine, Phenobarbitone, Atropine, Ibuprofen, Aspirin, Furosemide
Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to 3, Marcel Dekkar Inc.
Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume 1, 2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C, and Manavalan R.
Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using sieving method Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using Microscopic method Determination of bulk density, true density and porosity
Determine the angle of repose and influence of lubricant on angle of repose
Determination of viscosity of liquid using Ostwald’s viscometer Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different suspending agent
Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different concentration of single suspending agent
Determination of viscosity of semisolid by using Brookfield viscometer Determination of reaction rate constant first order.
Determination of reaction rate constant second order Accelerated stability studies
Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug administration, Agonists, antagonists( competitive and non competitive), spare receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy.
Pharmacokinetics- Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs .Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination
Pharmacodynamics- Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories
and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions signal transduction mechanisms, G-protein–coupled receptors, ion channel receptor, transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose response relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.
Adverse drug reactions. Drug interactions (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic) Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs -Drug discovery phase, preclinical evaluation phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials and pharmacovigilance.
Organization and function of ANS.
Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission and classification of neurotransmitters. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).
Local anesthetic agents.
Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma
Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.special emphasis on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin, dopamine.
General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants. Anti-epileptics
Alcohols and disulfiram
Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, anti-manics and hallucinogens.
Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer’s disease. CNS stimulants and nootropics.
Opioid analgesics and antagonists
Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.
Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology,.Churchil Livingstone Elsevier
Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A. K., Bradley R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology
K.D.Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers
(P) Ltd, New Delhi.
Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles R.Craig& Robert,
Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company, Kolkata. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. VallabhPrakashan,
Introduction to experimental pharmacology.
Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology. Study of common laboratory animals.
Maintenance of laboratory animals as per CPCSEA guidelines.
Common laboratory techniques. Blood withdrawal, serum and plasma separation, anesthetics and euthanasia used for animal studies.
Study of different routes of drugs administration in mice/rats.
Study of effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping time in mice.
Effect of drugs on ciliary motility of frog oesophagus Effect of drugs on rabbit eye.
Effects of skeletal muscle relaxants using rota-rod apparatus. Effect of drugs on locomotor activity using actophotometer. Anticonvulsant effect of drugs by MES and PTZ method.
Study of stereotype and anti-catatonic activity of drugs on rats/mice. Study of anxiolytic activity of drugs using rats/mice.
Study of local anesthetics by different methods
Note: All laboratory techniques and animal experiments are demonstrated by simulated experiments by softwares and videos
Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy Sources of Drugs – Plants, Animals, Marine & Tissue culture
Organized drugs, unorganized drugs (dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts, gums and mucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum -resins).
Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo and sero taxonomical classification of drugs
Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods and properties.
Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method, leafconstants, camera lucida and diagrams of microscopic objects to scale with camera lucida.
Cultivation and Collection of drugs of natural origin Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants.
Plant hormones and their applications.Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy. Edible vaccines
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely, Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Chinese systems of medicine.
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins
Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing following drugs
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites: Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey Proteins and Enzymes : Gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes (Papain, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, pepsin).Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) : Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Wool Fat, Bees Wax Marine Drugs: Novel medicinal agents from marine sources
W.C.Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W.B. Sounders & Co., London, 2009. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E., Pharmacognosy, 9th Edn., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis
Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi.
Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (2007), 37th Edition, Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Ist Edn, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Dr.SH.Ansari, IInd edition, Birla publications, New Delhi, 2007 Practical Pharmacognosy: C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae
Anatomy of Crude Drugs by M.A. Iyengar
Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests: (i)Tragaccanth (ii) Acacia (iii)Agar (iv) Gelatin (v) starch
(vi) Honey (vii) Castor oil
Determination of stomatal number and index
Determination of vein islet number, vein islet termination and paliside ratio. Determination of size of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals by eye piece micrometer Determination of Fiber length and width
Determination of number of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method Determination of Ash value
Determination of Extractive values of crude drugs Determination of moisture content of crude drugs Determination of swelling index and foaming
=======Optical isomerism – Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral molecules. DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules, RS system of nomenclature of optical isomers
Reactions of chiral molecules
Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture. Asymmetric synthesis: partial and absolute
Geometrical isomerism-Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti systems) Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers. Conformational isomerism in Ethane, n-Butane and Cyclohexane.
Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and conditions for optical activity.Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions
Nomenclature and classification, Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene. Relative aromaticity and reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole. Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole. Basicity of pyridine Synthesis and medicinal uses of Pyrimidine, Purine, azepines and their derivatives
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction, Birch reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction, Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction, Beckmanns rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement, Claisen-Schmidt condensation
Organic chemistry by I.L. Finar, Volume-I & II.
A text book of organic chemistry – Arun Bahl, B.S. Bahl. Heterocyclic Chemistry by Raj K. Bansal
Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd Heterocyclic Chemistry by T.L. Gilchrist
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding,
Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.
Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II. Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.
Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine. Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine, Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.
Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine. Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine. Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, Clidinium bromide, Dicyclomine hydrochloride*, Glycopyrrolate, Methantheline bromide, Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate, Biperidine hydrochloride, Procyclidine hydrochloride*, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide iodide, Ethopropazine hydrochloride.
Phenothiazeines: SAR of Phenothiazeines – Promazine hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine hydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride, Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine hydrochloride. Ring Analogues of Phenothiazeines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate, Clozapine. Fluro buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone. Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride. Benzamides: Sulpieride.
Wilson and Giswold’s Organic medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry.
Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV.
Introduction to principles of drug design- Smith and Williams. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Martindale’s extra pharmacopoeia. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II.
The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1-5. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
Text book of practical organic chemistry- A.I.Vogel.
1,3-pyrazole, 1,3-oxazole, Benzimidazole, Benztriazole, 2,3- diphenyl quinoxaline, Benzocaine, Phenytoin, Phenothiazine, Barbiturate
Chlorpromazine, Phenobarbitone, Atropine, Ibuprofen, Aspirin, Furosemide
Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to 3, Marcel Dekkar Inc.
Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume 1, 2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C, and Manavalan R.
Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using sieving method Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using Microscopic method Determination of bulk density, true density and porosity
Determine the angle of repose and influence of lubricant on angle of repose
Determination of viscosity of liquid using Ostwald’s viscometer Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different suspending agent
Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different concentration of single suspending agent
Determination of viscosity of semisolid by using Brookfield viscometer Determination of reaction rate constant first order.
Determination of reaction rate constant second order Accelerated stability studies
Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug administration, Agonists, antagonists( competitive and non competitive), spare receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy.
Pharmacokinetics- Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs .Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination
Pharmacodynamics- Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories
and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions signal transduction mechanisms, G-protein–coupled receptors, ion channel receptor, transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose response relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.
Adverse drug reactions. Drug interactions (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic) Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs -Drug discovery phase, preclinical evaluation phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials and pharmacovigilance.
Organization and function of ANS.
Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission and classification of neurotransmitters. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).
Local anesthetic agents.
Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma
Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.special emphasis on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin, dopamine.
General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants. Anti-epileptics
Alcohols and disulfiram
Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, anti-manics and hallucinogens.
Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer’s disease. CNS stimulants and nootropics.
Opioid analgesics and antagonists
Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.
Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology,.Churchil Livingstone Elsevier
Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A. K., Bradley R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology
K.D.Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers
(P) Ltd, New Delhi.
Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles R.Craig& Robert,
Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company, Kolkata. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. VallabhPrakashan,
Introduction to experimental pharmacology.
Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology. Study of common laboratory animals.
Maintenance of laboratory animals as per CPCSEA guidelines.
Common laboratory techniques. Blood withdrawal, serum and plasma separation, anesthetics and euthanasia used for animal studies.
Study of different routes of drugs administration in mice/rats.
Study of effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping time in mice.
Effect of drugs on ciliary motility of frog oesophagus Effect of drugs on rabbit eye.
Effects of skeletal muscle relaxants using rota-rod apparatus. Effect of drugs on locomotor activity using actophotometer. Anticonvulsant effect of drugs by MES and PTZ method.
Study of stereotype and anti-catatonic activity of drugs on rats/mice. Study of anxiolytic activity of drugs using rats/mice.
Study of local anesthetics by different methods
Note: All laboratory techniques and animal experiments are demonstrated by simulated experiments by softwares and videos
Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy Sources of Drugs – Plants, Animals, Marine & Tissue culture
Organized drugs, unorganized drugs (dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts, gums and mucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum -resins).
Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo and sero taxonomical classification of drugs
Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods and properties.
Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method, leafconstants, camera lucida and diagrams of microscopic objects to scale with camera lucida.
Cultivation and Collection of drugs of natural origin Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants.
Plant hormones and their applications.Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy. Edible vaccines
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely, Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Chinese systems of medicine.
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins
Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing following drugs
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites: Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey Proteins and Enzymes : Gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes (Papain, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, pepsin).Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) : Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Wool Fat, Bees Wax Marine Drugs: Novel medicinal agents from marine sources
W.C.Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W.B. Sounders & Co., London, 2009. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E., Pharmacognosy, 9th Edn., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis
Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi.
Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (2007), 37th Edition, Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Ist Edn, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Dr.SH.Ansari, IInd edition, Birla publications, New Delhi, 2007 Practical Pharmacognosy: C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae
Anatomy of Crude Drugs by M.A. Iyengar
Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests: (i)Tragaccanth (ii) Acacia (iii)Agar (iv) Gelatin (v) starch
(vi) Honey (vii) Castor oil
Determination of stomatal number and index
Determination of vein islet number, vein islet termination and paliside ratio. Determination of size of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals by eye piece micrometer Determination of Fiber length and width
Determination of number of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method Determination of Ash value
Determination of Extractive values of crude drugs Determination of moisture content of crude drugs Determination of swelling index and foaming
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