Credit Based Grading System
Air Pollution: Air pollutants, classification, (Primary & secondary Pollutants) Adverse effects of pollutants. Causes of Air pollution chemical, photochemical, Green house effect, ozone layer depletion, acid Rain.
Sound Pollution: Causes, controlling measures, measurement of sound pollution (deciblage), Industrial and non – industrial.
Harris, CE, Prichard MS, Rabin’s MJ, “Engineering Ethics”; Cengage Pub.
Rana SVS ; “Essentials of Ecology and Environment”; PHI Pub.
Raynold, GW “Ethics in information Technology”; Cengage.
Svakumar; Energy Environment & Ethics in society; TMH
AK De “Environmental Chemistry”; New Age Int. Publ.
6 BK Sharma, “Environmental Chemistry” ; Goel Publ. House.
Bala Krishnamoorthy; “Environmental management”; PHI
Gerard Kiely, “Environmental Engineering” ; TMH
Miller GT JR; living in the Environment Thomson/cengage
Cunninghan WP and MA; principles of Environment Sc; TMH
Pandey, S.N. & Mishra, S.P. Environment & Ecology, 2011, Ane Books , Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
Joseph, B. Environmental Studies, 2009 Tata Mcgraw Hill, Edu India Ltd. New Delhi.
Gour R.R, Sangal, R &Bagaria, G.P. , Excel Books, A-45, Naraina Phase-I New Delhi.-110028
Credit Based Grading System
The objective of this foundational course is to develop fundamentals, physical concepts and systematic development of circuit models analysis of transformers, induction motors and special machines.
Autotransformer: working, advantages, its equivalent circuit and phasor diagram.
Experiments can cover any of the above topics, following is a suggestive list:
Perform turn ratio and polarity test on 1-phasetransformer
Perform load test on a 1-phase transformer and plot its loadcharacteristic
Perform OC and SC tests on a 1-phase transformer and determine its equivalent circuit. Also
find its efficiency and regulation at different load and powerfactor.
Perform OC and SC tests on a 3-phase transformer and determine its equivalent circuit. Also find its efficiency and regulation at different load and powerfactor.
Perform Sumpner’s test on two 1-phase transformer and determine its efficiency at variousload.
Perform No-load and block rotor test on a 3- phase IM and determine its equivalentcircuit.
Perform load test on a 3- phase IM and plot its performancecharacteristics.
Study various types of starters used for 3- IMs.
Perform No-load and block rotor test on a 1- phase IM and determine its equivalentcircuit.
After the completion of course, students must learn the foundation to the theory of electromechanical devices with specific emphasis on transformers and induction motor.
Evaluation will be continuous an integral part of the class as well through external assessment. Laboratory assessment will be based on external assessment, assignments, presentations, and interview of each candidate.
Electrical Machines by Nagrath and Kothari, McGraw-Hill
P.S.Bimbhra, Electrical Machines,Khanna Publishers
V.Del Toro, “Electrical Machines & Power Systems”, 1985, Prentice-Hall, Inc., EnglewoodCliffs
S K Bhattacharya, Electrical Machines, McGraw-Hill
Ashfaq Hussain, Electrical Machines, Dhanpat Rai & Co
Langsdorf, A.C. Machines, McGraw-Hill
Samarajit Ghosh, Electrical Machines, Pearson
Credit Based Grading System
This course covers the basics of digital logic circuits and design. It provides Boolean algebra concepts and their application in digital circuitryand elaborates on both combinational and sequential circuits.Memory circuits are also covered.
Random Access Memory, Timing waveform, Memory Decoding, Internal Construction, Coincident decoding, Addressmultiplexing, Read only memory – Combinational circuit implementation, Type of ROMs, combinational PLDs, Programmable Logic Array (PLA), Programmable Array Logic (PAL), sequential programmable device. Analog todigital conversion – Ramp type, dual slope, integration, successive approximation, parallel conversion, parallel/ serial conversion, convertor specifications, Digital to Analog convertors – Binary weighted & R/2R D to A convertors.
Verification of all the logicgates.
Design of BCD to Excess-3 codeconverter.
Implementation of NAND & NOR as Universalgate.
Design of RS, JK, T& D Flipflop.
Multiplexer /Demultipexer based boolean function
Design of combinational circuit forthe
Halfadder
Fulladder
Half subtractor
Fullsubtractor
Design various A-D & D-Aconvertors.
Verify the truth table of SR flip flop
Verify BCD to seven segment decoder.
Student after successful completion of course must possess an understanding of numerical values in various number systems and perform number conversions between different number systems and Understand the importance and need for verification, testing of digital logic and design for testability. The student will be able to design, simulate, built and debug complex combinational and sequential circuits based on an abstract functional specification.
Evaluation will be continuous an integral part of the class as well through external assessment. Laboratory assessment will be based on external assessment, assignments, presentations, and interview of each candidate.
A. Anand Kumar, Fundamentals of digital circuits, PHI
A K Maini, Digital Electronics, Wiley India
Thomas Blakeslee; Digital Design with standard MSI and LSI; Wiley Interscience
Jain RP; Modern digital electronics; TMH
M Mano; Digital Logic & Computer design; PHI
Tocci ; Digital Systems Principle & applications; Pearson EducationAsia
Gothmann; Digital Electronics;PHI
Malvino, Leech; Digital Principles and applications–(TMH)
Floyad; Digital Fundamentals(UBS)
Nripendra N. Biswas; Logic Design Theory(PHI)
D.C. Green; Digital Electronics (Pearson EducationAsia)
SubrataGhoshal; Digital Electronics, Cengage
Credit Based Grading System
EX-4004 Control Systems
This course introduces students to foundation of frequency-domain design methods for analysis and design of continuous-time control systems, which form the essentials for industrial practice.
Modeling of dynamic systems: Electrical, Mechanical and hydraulic systems, Concept of transfer function, Laplace Transform, State space description of dynamic systems: Open and closed loop systems, Signal flow graph, Mason’s formula, Components of control systems: Error detectors (Synchros& Potentiometer), Servomotors (AC & DC), tacho-generators, power amplifier, steeper motors.
Time – domain analysis of closed loop systems: Test signals, time response of first and second order systems, Time domain performance specifications, Steady state error & error constants Feedback control actions: Proportional, derivative and integral control.
Solution of state equation: Eigen values & eigenvectors digitalization state transitive matrix, stability Routh-Hurwitz stability analysis.
Characteristics equation of closed loop system root loci, construction of loci, Effect of adding, poles and Zeros on the loci, Stability by root loci.
Frequency, Domain analysis, Bode plots, Effect of adding, poles and Zeros, Polar plot, Nyquist stability analysis, Relative stability: Gain and phase margins.
Design of control systems with PD/PI/PID Control in time domain and Frequency domain, lead- lag, Lag-lead compensation, Design of compensating networks
Time response of second order system.
Characteristics of Synchros.
Effect of feedback on servomotors.
Determination of transfer function of A-C servomotor
Determination of transfer function of D-C motor.
Formulation of PI & PD controller and study of closed loop responses of 1st and 2nd order dynamic systems.
State space model for classical transfer function using MATLAB.
Simulation of transfer function using operational amplifier.
Design problem: Compensating Networks of lead and lag.
Temperature controller using PID.
Transfer function of a DC generator.
Characteristics of AC servomotor.
Use of MATLAB for root loci and Bode plots of type-1, type-2 systems.
Study of analog computer and simulation of 1st orderand 2nd order dynamic equations.
Formulation of proportional control on 1st order and 2nd order dynamic systems.
Feedback control of 3rd order dynamic Systems
Study of lead and lag compensating networks.
Effect of adding poles & zeros on root loci and bode plots of type-1, type-2 systems through MATLAB.
After successful completion of course, Students are expected to possess an in-depth understanding andknowledge about the practical control system designs.
Evaluation will be continuous an integral part of the class as well through external assessment. Laboratory assessment will be based on external assessment, assignments, presentations, and interview of each candidate.
B.C. Kuo and FaridGolnaraghi, ‘Automatic Control Systems’, Wiley India.
M. Gopal, ‘Control system engineering’, McGraw Hill
K. Ogata, ‘Modern Control Engineering’, Pearson
D. Roy, Chaudhary,‘Modern Control Systems’, PHI.
S. Salivahanan, R. Rengaraj, G.R. Venkatakrishnan, ‘Control System Engineering’, Pearson.
Stefani ShahianSavant,Hostetter, ‘Design of feedback control systems’ Oxford
B.S.Manke, Control system Engineering, Khanna Publishers
Credit Based Grading System
EX-4005 Power System-I
The objective of this course is to get an overview of the power systems and its changing landscape. It covers the characteristics of various power system loads, analysis of transmission line along with its performance.
An overview of Electrical Energy Generation General background, structure and components of power network. Power generation – Introduction to conventional, non-conventional & distributed generation, Effect of transmission voltage on power system economy. Selection of size of feeder. Comparison of isolated versus interconnected power system. Problems associated with modern large interconnected power system. Power Plant Economics - Load curves, base load, peak load, load factor, demand factor, diversity factor, capacity factor, utilization factor, cost of electricity, capital cost, fuel and operation cost.
Inductance resistance and capacitance of transmission line, Calculation of inductance for 1-Φ and 3- Φ, Single and double circuit line, Concept of GMR and GMD, Symmetrical & asymmetrical conduction configuration, Calculation of capacitance for 2 wire and 3 wire systems, Effect of ground or capacitance, Capacitance calculation for symmetrical and asymmetrical 1-phase and three phase, Single and double circuit line, Charging current, Transposition of line, Composite conductor, Skin and proximity effect, bundle conductor. Underground Cable Comparison of cables and overhead transmission lines, Classification of cables, requirement of cable construction, capacitance of single and multi-core cable, economic core diameter, dielectric stress in cable, Grading of cables, ionization of Heating of cables, Phenomena of dielectric losses and sheath loss in cables, Thermal resistance of cables.
Various systems of transmission, effect of system voltage, comparison of conductor materials required for various overhead systems. Short, Medium & long transmission line and their representation, Nominal T, Nominal Л, Equivalent T and equivalent Л, network models, ABCD constants for symmetrical &asymmetrical network, Mathematical solution to estimate regulation & efficiency of all types of lines. Surge Impedance, loading, Interpretation of long line equation
and its equivalent equation. Tuned power lines. Power flow through transmission line, Circle diagram, Method of voltage control, Static & rotating VAR generator, transformer control.
Insulator & Mechanical design, types of conductors used in overhead transmission line, Types of line supports and towers, Distribution of conductors over transmission towers, Spacing between conductors, Length of span and sag tension calculation for transmission line, Wind & ice loading, support of line at two different levels, string chart, Sag template, Stringing of conductor, Vibration and Vibration dampers. Insulator Materials used for transmission line insulations, Types of insulator for overhead transmission line failure of insulator, Voltage distribution of suspension insulator, String efficiency, Shielding and grading.
AC single phase, 3 phase, 3wire & 4 wire distribution, Kelvin’s law for most economical size of conductor Substation layout showing substation equipment, bus bar single bus bar and sectionalized bus bar, main and transfer for bus bar system, sectionalized double bus bar system, ring mains.
Student after successful completion of course must possess an understanding of Power generation, Transmission Line Components, Underground Cables, transmission lines and their representation, conductors and insulators.
Evaluation will be continuous an integral part of the class as well through external assessment.
John Grainger and William Stevenson, Power system Analysis, McGraw Hill.
C.L. Wadhwa, Electrical Power System Analysis, New Age International.
D.P. Kothari, I.J. Nagrath, Power System Engineering TMH II Ed. Reprint 2009.
Credit Based Grading System
C language alphabet set, identifiers, Variables and constants Data types, Builtin and user Defined Data types Arrays operators and expressions Simple assignment and Input-output statements, preprocessor directives writing simple ‘C’ programs, compiling and executing ‘C’ Programs.
Conditional statements and loops: IF statement IF–ELSE statement, SWITCH statement, FOR statement, WHILE and Do WHILE statement.
Function: Function declaration or prototype. Function definition, function calling: call by value, call by reference, Recursion.
Introduction to pointers, File processing: concept of files, file opening, editing, reading and writing.
Programming in ANSI C, by Balagurusamy, Tata McGraw Hill
The C programming Language. By Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie. Published by Prentice-Hall
Let us C by Y.Kanetkar, BPB Publication
Design and execute a ‘C’ program for multiplying two nXn matrics.
Design a ‘C’ program to calculate Average of ‘n’ numbers.
Design a ‘C’ program to add two numbers using call by value parameter passing mechanism.
Design a ‘C’ program to swap the contents of two variables using call by reference parameter passing mechanism.
Design a ‘C’ program to open a file and add contents to modify the file.
Credit Based Grading System
Air Pollution: Air pollutants, classification, (Primary & secondary Pollutants) Adverse effects of pollutants. Causes of Air pollution chemical, photochemical, Green house effect, ozone layer depletion, acid Rain.
Sound Pollution: Causes, controlling measures, measurement of sound pollution (deciblage), Industrial and non – industrial.
Harris, CE, Prichard MS, Rabin’s MJ, “Engineering Ethics”; Cengage Pub.
Rana SVS ; “Essentials of Ecology and Environment”; PHI Pub.
Raynold, GW “Ethics in information Technology”; Cengage.
Svakumar; Energy Environment & Ethics in society; TMH
AK De “Environmental Chemistry”; New Age Int. Publ.
6 BK Sharma, “Environmental Chemistry” ; Goel Publ. House.
Bala Krishnamoorthy; “Environmental management”; PHI
Gerard Kiely, “Environmental Engineering” ; TMH
Miller GT JR; living in the Environment Thomson/cengage
Cunninghan WP and MA; principles of Environment Sc; TMH
Pandey, S.N. & Mishra, S.P. Environment & Ecology, 2011, Ane Books , Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
Joseph, B. Environmental Studies, 2009 Tata Mcgraw Hill, Edu India Ltd. New Delhi.
Gour R.R, Sangal, R &Bagaria, G.P. , Excel Books, A-45, Naraina Phase-I New Delhi.-110028
Credit Based Grading System
The objective of this foundational course is to develop fundamentals, physical concepts and systematic development of circuit models analysis of transformers, induction motors and special machines.
Autotransformer: working, advantages, its equivalent circuit and phasor diagram.
Experiments can cover any of the above topics, following is a suggestive list:
Perform turn ratio and polarity test on 1-phasetransformer
Perform load test on a 1-phase transformer and plot its loadcharacteristic
Perform OC and SC tests on a 1-phase transformer and determine its equivalent circuit. Also
find its efficiency and regulation at different load and powerfactor.
Perform OC and SC tests on a 3-phase transformer and determine its equivalent circuit. Also find its efficiency and regulation at different load and powerfactor.
Perform Sumpner’s test on two 1-phase transformer and determine its efficiency at variousload.
Perform No-load and block rotor test on a 3- phase IM and determine its equivalentcircuit.
Perform load test on a 3- phase IM and plot its performancecharacteristics.
Study various types of starters used for 3- IMs.
Perform No-load and block rotor test on a 1- phase IM and determine its equivalentcircuit.
After the completion of course, students must learn the foundation to the theory of electromechanical devices with specific emphasis on transformers and induction motor.
Evaluation will be continuous an integral part of the class as well through external assessment. Laboratory assessment will be based on external assessment, assignments, presentations, and interview of each candidate.
Electrical Machines by Nagrath and Kothari, McGraw-Hill
P.S.Bimbhra, Electrical Machines,Khanna Publishers
V.Del Toro, “Electrical Machines & Power Systems”, 1985, Prentice-Hall, Inc., EnglewoodCliffs
S K Bhattacharya, Electrical Machines, McGraw-Hill
Ashfaq Hussain, Electrical Machines, Dhanpat Rai & Co
Langsdorf, A.C. Machines, McGraw-Hill
Samarajit Ghosh, Electrical Machines, Pearson
Credit Based Grading System
This course covers the basics of digital logic circuits and design. It provides Boolean algebra concepts and their application in digital circuitryand elaborates on both combinational and sequential circuits.Memory circuits are also covered.
Random Access Memory, Timing waveform, Memory Decoding, Internal Construction, Coincident decoding, Addressmultiplexing, Read only memory – Combinational circuit implementation, Type of ROMs, combinational PLDs, Programmable Logic Array (PLA), Programmable Array Logic (PAL), sequential programmable device. Analog todigital conversion – Ramp type, dual slope, integration, successive approximation, parallel conversion, parallel/ serial conversion, convertor specifications, Digital to Analog convertors – Binary weighted & R/2R D to A convertors.
Verification of all the logicgates.
Design of BCD to Excess-3 codeconverter.
Implementation of NAND & NOR as Universalgate.
Design of RS, JK, T& D Flipflop.
Multiplexer /Demultipexer based boolean function
Design of combinational circuit forthe
Halfadder
Fulladder
Half subtractor
Fullsubtractor
Design various A-D & D-Aconvertors.
Verify the truth table of SR flip flop
Verify BCD to seven segment decoder.
Student after successful completion of course must possess an understanding of numerical values in various number systems and perform number conversions between different number systems and Understand the importance and need for verification, testing of digital logic and design for testability. The student will be able to design, simulate, built and debug complex combinational and sequential circuits based on an abstract functional specification.
Evaluation will be continuous an integral part of the class as well through external assessment. Laboratory assessment will be based on external assessment, assignments, presentations, and interview of each candidate.
A. Anand Kumar, Fundamentals of digital circuits, PHI
A K Maini, Digital Electronics, Wiley India
Thomas Blakeslee; Digital Design with standard MSI and LSI; Wiley Interscience
Jain RP; Modern digital electronics; TMH
M Mano; Digital Logic & Computer design; PHI
Tocci ; Digital Systems Principle & applications; Pearson EducationAsia
Gothmann; Digital Electronics;PHI
Malvino, Leech; Digital Principles and applications–(TMH)
Floyad; Digital Fundamentals(UBS)
Nripendra N. Biswas; Logic Design Theory(PHI)
D.C. Green; Digital Electronics (Pearson EducationAsia)
SubrataGhoshal; Digital Electronics, Cengage
Credit Based Grading System
EX-4004 Control Systems
This course introduces students to foundation of frequency-domain design methods for analysis and design of continuous-time control systems, which form the essentials for industrial practice.
Modeling of dynamic systems: Electrical, Mechanical and hydraulic systems, Concept of transfer function, Laplace Transform, State space description of dynamic systems: Open and closed loop systems, Signal flow graph, Mason’s formula, Components of control systems: Error detectors (Synchros& Potentiometer), Servomotors (AC & DC), tacho-generators, power amplifier, steeper motors.
Time – domain analysis of closed loop systems: Test signals, time response of first and second order systems, Time domain performance specifications, Steady state error & error constants Feedback control actions: Proportional, derivative and integral control.
Solution of state equation: Eigen values & eigenvectors digitalization state transitive matrix, stability Routh-Hurwitz stability analysis.
Characteristics equation of closed loop system root loci, construction of loci, Effect of adding, poles and Zeros on the loci, Stability by root loci.
Frequency, Domain analysis, Bode plots, Effect of adding, poles and Zeros, Polar plot, Nyquist stability analysis, Relative stability: Gain and phase margins.
Design of control systems with PD/PI/PID Control in time domain and Frequency domain, lead- lag, Lag-lead compensation, Design of compensating networks
Time response of second order system.
Characteristics of Synchros.
Effect of feedback on servomotors.
Determination of transfer function of A-C servomotor
Determination of transfer function of D-C motor.
Formulation of PI & PD controller and study of closed loop responses of 1st and 2nd order dynamic systems.
State space model for classical transfer function using MATLAB.
Simulation of transfer function using operational amplifier.
Design problem: Compensating Networks of lead and lag.
Temperature controller using PID.
Transfer function of a DC generator.
Characteristics of AC servomotor.
Use of MATLAB for root loci and Bode plots of type-1, type-2 systems.
Study of analog computer and simulation of 1st orderand 2nd order dynamic equations.
Formulation of proportional control on 1st order and 2nd order dynamic systems.
Feedback control of 3rd order dynamic Systems
Study of lead and lag compensating networks.
Effect of adding poles & zeros on root loci and bode plots of type-1, type-2 systems through MATLAB.
After successful completion of course, Students are expected to possess an in-depth understanding andknowledge about the practical control system designs.
Evaluation will be continuous an integral part of the class as well through external assessment. Laboratory assessment will be based on external assessment, assignments, presentations, and interview of each candidate.
B.C. Kuo and FaridGolnaraghi, ‘Automatic Control Systems’, Wiley India.
M. Gopal, ‘Control system engineering’, McGraw Hill
K. Ogata, ‘Modern Control Engineering’, Pearson
D. Roy, Chaudhary,‘Modern Control Systems’, PHI.
S. Salivahanan, R. Rengaraj, G.R. Venkatakrishnan, ‘Control System Engineering’, Pearson.
Stefani ShahianSavant,Hostetter, ‘Design of feedback control systems’ Oxford
B.S.Manke, Control system Engineering, Khanna Publishers
Credit Based Grading System
EX-4005 Power System-I
The objective of this course is to get an overview of the power systems and its changing landscape. It covers the characteristics of various power system loads, analysis of transmission line along with its performance.
An overview of Electrical Energy Generation General background, structure and components of power network. Power generation – Introduction to conventional, non-conventional & distributed generation, Effect of transmission voltage on power system economy. Selection of size of feeder. Comparison of isolated versus interconnected power system. Problems associated with modern large interconnected power system. Power Plant Economics - Load curves, base load, peak load, load factor, demand factor, diversity factor, capacity factor, utilization factor, cost of electricity, capital cost, fuel and operation cost.
Inductance resistance and capacitance of transmission line, Calculation of inductance for 1-Φ and 3- Φ, Single and double circuit line, Concept of GMR and GMD, Symmetrical & asymmetrical conduction configuration, Calculation of capacitance for 2 wire and 3 wire systems, Effect of ground or capacitance, Capacitance calculation for symmetrical and asymmetrical 1-phase and three phase, Single and double circuit line, Charging current, Transposition of line, Composite conductor, Skin and proximity effect, bundle conductor. Underground Cable Comparison of cables and overhead transmission lines, Classification of cables, requirement of cable construction, capacitance of single and multi-core cable, economic core diameter, dielectric stress in cable, Grading of cables, ionization of Heating of cables, Phenomena of dielectric losses and sheath loss in cables, Thermal resistance of cables.
Various systems of transmission, effect of system voltage, comparison of conductor materials required for various overhead systems. Short, Medium & long transmission line and their representation, Nominal T, Nominal Л, Equivalent T and equivalent Л, network models, ABCD constants for symmetrical &asymmetrical network, Mathematical solution to estimate regulation & efficiency of all types of lines. Surge Impedance, loading, Interpretation of long line equation
and its equivalent equation. Tuned power lines. Power flow through transmission line, Circle diagram, Method of voltage control, Static & rotating VAR generator, transformer control.
Insulator & Mechanical design, types of conductors used in overhead transmission line, Types of line supports and towers, Distribution of conductors over transmission towers, Spacing between conductors, Length of span and sag tension calculation for transmission line, Wind & ice loading, support of line at two different levels, string chart, Sag template, Stringing of conductor, Vibration and Vibration dampers. Insulator Materials used for transmission line insulations, Types of insulator for overhead transmission line failure of insulator, Voltage distribution of suspension insulator, String efficiency, Shielding and grading.
AC single phase, 3 phase, 3wire & 4 wire distribution, Kelvin’s law for most economical size of conductor Substation layout showing substation equipment, bus bar single bus bar and sectionalized bus bar, main and transfer for bus bar system, sectionalized double bus bar system, ring mains.
Student after successful completion of course must possess an understanding of Power generation, Transmission Line Components, Underground Cables, transmission lines and their representation, conductors and insulators.
Evaluation will be continuous an integral part of the class as well through external assessment.
John Grainger and William Stevenson, Power system Analysis, McGraw Hill.
C.L. Wadhwa, Electrical Power System Analysis, New Age International.
D.P. Kothari, I.J. Nagrath, Power System Engineering TMH II Ed. Reprint 2009.
Credit Based Grading System
C language alphabet set, identifiers, Variables and constants Data types, Builtin and user Defined Data types Arrays operators and expressions Simple assignment and Input-output statements, preprocessor directives writing simple ‘C’ programs, compiling and executing ‘C’ Programs.
Conditional statements and loops: IF statement IF–ELSE statement, SWITCH statement, FOR statement, WHILE and Do WHILE statement.
Function: Function declaration or prototype. Function definition, function calling: call by value, call by reference, Recursion.
Introduction to pointers, File processing: concept of files, file opening, editing, reading and writing.
Programming in ANSI C, by Balagurusamy, Tata McGraw Hill
The C programming Language. By Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie. Published by Prentice-Hall
Let us C by Y.Kanetkar, BPB Publication
Design and execute a ‘C’ program for multiplying two nXn matrics.
Design a ‘C’ program to calculate Average of ‘n’ numbers.
Design a ‘C’ program to add two numbers using call by value parameter passing mechanism.
Design a ‘C’ program to swap the contents of two variables using call by reference parameter passing mechanism.
Design a ‘C’ program to open a file and add contents to modify the file.